At the beginning of the 20th century, Europe is living in peace and prosperity. The “Belle Époque” is an outgrowth of previous important historical events and developments. The networks that are created and which evolve funnel both people and their products, tangible and intangible. It is within this multi-layered world that sound recording and sound reproduction is invented. Early record labels send mobile crews literally all over the world to record local musicians. The range of the repertoire is endless. Cosmopolitanism in large urban centers favors polystylisms and polymorphisms. Colonialism, revolutions, conflicts, refugee flows; the theater, cinema, radio, photography, orchestras’ tours, but also circulations in all kinds of commercial channels in a world that evolves dynamically and anisotropically, form a complex network of “centers” and “peripheries” in alternating roles setting musical idioms in motion, both literally and figuratively. The network in which the Greek-speaking urban popular song participates, constantly conversing with its co-tenants, is magnificent. Discography has already provided important tools in understanding the relationships that developed between “national” repertoires. The result of this ongoing research is “Cosmopolitanism in Greek Historical Discography”.

GO 1431-2 is written on the label as the matrix number, but GO 1431 is embossed on the record, that is, the first take of the song is included. A copy of the record with the second take was also released on the market, which has also been uploaded (see here). The difference between the two recordings becomes obvious at 0:55'' where Giorgos Vidalis exclaims "ainte kai" ("come on and"), words which are absent from the present take.

Based on the findings in historical discography, this is a musical tune that was very popular and that went down in history as a traditional melody of the Greeks of Constantinople (Istanbul). It can be found under the titles "Chasapiko politiko", "O vlamis", "Magkas", "O magkas" (this recording) and "Chasapaki den se thelo pia".

Starting with Greek discography, Tountas seems to have used the first melody of the lyrics from "Chasapaki / Magkas / Vlamis" in the song "To kalokairi tora", as the first melody of the lyrics as well.

The exact same part of the melody seems to have also been used in other, non-Greek repertoires. Aaron Lebedeff recorded for Columbia on November 3, 1926 the Yiddish song "Mein Velvele". We heard this song in collector’s Martin Schwartz collection, and it uses the original melody of the lyrics. In addition, there is a report stating that the song entitled "Malkele" recorded by Morris Goldstein, also in the Yiddish language (eastern Ashkenazim), around 1923, in New York, also uses this musical phrase. We could not verify this.

In Itzik Gottesman's extremely interesting blog for the "An-sky Jewish Folklore Research Project", the song can be found under the title "Geltenyu". In 1972, in Philadelphia, Clara Crasner's son-in-law Robert Freedman recorded it and the abovementioned was among the songs that he performed; this song also uses the musical phrase that interests us.

The tune, however, can be found in the Balkans too, specifically in the region of Bulgaria, recorded under the title "Да ви кажа братя големия си дерт". The song is performed by Constantin Bambov. It was not possible to fully document the recording. Based on the Vernon’s dating (1995), the company Pathé made its first recordings in the Balkans between 1903–1905. Most possibly, this recording was made between 1926–1927.

Syncretism, which is observed in the musical actualizations of the areas where Greeks lived and recorded, mainly in the area of folk-popular traditions, is monumental. It only takes one to listen to historical discography, which begins in New York, Smyrna (Izmir), Constantinople (Istanbul), Athens and Thessaloniki since 1900. An essential part of this syncretism concerns the Jews, who constitute one of the main conduits in the uniquely diverse cultural heritage of the Greek-speaking world. They borrow and lend, but they also carry more distant traditions from the places where they have previously lived and the places they have traveled to. They are the central interlocutors in the Greek and Ottoman ecumene, together with Turkish-speaking Muslims, Orthodox but also Catholic Greek-speaking and Armenians, Levantine Protestants, Europeans and Americans, and compose a rich musical mosaic which consists of heterogeneous but co-existent palimpsests: a reservoir to which everyone contributes but from which also everyone receives.

The sources show the timeless existence of a Jewish element, at least since the Hellenistic period, in areas that millennia later formed the modern Greek state. After the “Edict of Milan” in 313 AD and the gradual Christianization of the Eastern Empire, the Jewish element found itself in a difficult position. The Jewish populations that have since been established in these lands became known as Romaniote Jews (or “Romaniotes”’ Rome – Romios). Their historical geographical center of reference was the city of Ioannina, and they speak Greek with various linguistic mixtures. After 1492 and the “Alhambra Decree” by the joint Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, those Jews who did not accept to embrace Christianity were expelled from the Iberian peninsula. They became known as the Sepharadi Jews (or “Sepharadim”), one of the largest Jewish ethno-cultural categorizations (Sepharad in Jewish texts is referred to as the region of present-day Spain). Thessaloniki was one of the main destination points of this displacement, as the ties with the city were older and already close. Apart from the role played by the Greek Jews in the musical developments on the Greek peninsula, there were also important mutual influences between the Greek-speaking Orthodox and the Jews in various other areas where the two communities lived together. As, for example, in Odessa, with the Eastern Ashkenazi Jews, who mainly speak Yiddish, a sui generis Semitic-Slavic language (in Jewish texts, the Kingdom of Ashkenaz, a descendant of Noah, is connected with north-eastern European territories). Their orchestral repertoire is often called klezmer. In other words, apart from the geographical limits of the modern Greek state, the cultural conversations between the Greek Orthodox and the Jews also concern other parts of the world, both in Europe and America, where they met as immigrants.

Research and text: Leonardos Kounadis and Nikos Ordoulidis